Reconciling Memory: Landscapes, Commemorations, and Enduring Conflicts of the U.S.-Dakota War of 1862

The U.S.-Dakota War of 1862 resulted in the deaths of more than 500 Minnesota settlers, the expulsion of the Dakota people from their homeland, and the largest mass execution in U.S. history. For more than a century, white Minnesotans declared themselves innocent victims of Indian brutality and actively remembered this war by erecting monuments, preserving historic landscapes, publishing first-person narratives, and hosting anniversary celebrations. However, as the centennial anniversary approached, new awareness for the sufferings of the Dakota both before and after the war prompted retellings of the traditional story that gave the status of victimhood to the Dakota as well as the white settlers. Despite these changes, the descendents of white settlers persisted in their version of events and resented the implication that the Dakota were justified in starting the war. In 1987, the governor of Minnesota declared “A Year of Reconciliation” to bring cultural awareness of the Dakota, acknowledge their sufferings, and reconcile the continued tense relationship between the state and the Dakota people. These efforts, while successful in now telling the Dakota side of the war at official historic institutions, did not achieve a reconciliation between native and non-native residents of the state. This study of the commemorative history of the U.S.-Dakota War of 1862 illustrates the impact this single event exhibited for the state of Minnesota and examines the continued tense relations between its native and non-native inhabitants

The ESG Behaviors of Multinational Enterprises: An Exploration of Emerging and Developed Market Norms

This paper examines how, when, and where environmental, social, and governance (ESG) behavior varies globally. I build on existing research that proposes country-of-origin constructs, such as regulatory and cultural foundations, influence ESG behavior of firms. Specifically, I propose that perceived differences in ESG standards for developed and emerging markets incentivize multinational enterprises (MNEs) to exhibit different levels of Corporate Social Irresponsibility (CSI) when operating abroad versus at home. My findings show that developed market-headquartered MNEs behave more irresponsibly in emerging markets than they do at home, while emerging market MNEs behave better when operating in developed markets. Importantly, the abroad-versus-home differences in the ESG behavior of MNEs appears to be driven more by governance than social or environmental factors. These findings contribute to the understanding of how presence in multiple markets shapes the ESG behavior of MNEs. This research contributes to practice by illuminating market-based norms that can act as benchmarks for ESG-focused investors and help guide shareholder engagement activities. Importantly, it offers nuanced insights for global policymakers as they seek to achieve better ESG outcomes for society

A Proposal for a Variation of Trusts Statute in Washington

This Comment argues that similar legislation would be desirable in Washington. Even though the proposed statute would entail a substantial deviation from the common-law rule, the resulting benefits justify the change. This Comment also examines the retroactive application of variation of trusts statutes and concludes that a retroactive application is constitutional. A requirement that courts consent on behalf of the beneficiaries only when the variation benefits the beneficiaries in some manners sufficiently protects the beneficiaries\u27 constitutional interests under the contract clause10 and the due process clause of the federal Constitution. Finally, this Comment proposes that a Washington variation of trusts statute include: (1) a provision directing the court to consider the settlor\u27s intentions before approving a requested variation, to maintain the stability of trusts validly created under Washington law; (2) a provision for separate representation for minor, disabled, unborn, or unascertained beneficiaries, to ensure that their interests are accurately represented to the court; and (3) a provision directing costs to be charged to adult beneficiaries when a variation is denied, to discourage frivolous trust litigation

A Proposal for a Variation of Trusts Statute in Washington

This Comment argues that similar legislation would be desirable in Washington. Even though the proposed statute would entail a substantial deviation from the common-law rule, the resulting benefits justify the change. This Comment also examines the retroactive application of variation of trusts statutes and concludes that a retroactive application is constitutional. A requirement that courts consent on behalf of the beneficiaries only when the variation benefits the beneficiaries in some manners sufficiently protects the beneficiaries\u27 constitutional interests under the contract clause10 and the due process clause of the federal Constitution. Finally, this Comment proposes that a Washington variation of trusts statute include: (1) a provision directing the court to consider the settlor\u27s intentions before approving a requested variation, to maintain the stability of trusts validly created under Washington law; (2) a provision for separate representation for minor, disabled, unborn, or unascertained beneficiaries, to ensure that their interests are accurately represented to the court; and (3) a provision directing costs to be charged to adult beneficiaries when a variation is denied, to discourage frivolous trust litigation

Textured Surfaces for Ultrasound Haptic Displays

We demonstrate a technique for rendering textured haptic surfaces in mid-air, using an ultrasound haptic display. Our technique renders tessellated 3D `haptic' shapes with different waveform properties, creating surfaces with distinct perceptions

Illinois Work-Based Learning Programs: Worksite Mentor Knowledge and Training

Teacher-coordinators and worksite mentors of high school work-based learning programs throughout Illinois were the subjects of this study which described worksite mentors\u27 knowledge of teaching work skills to students participating in work-based learning programs and the nature of the training provided to these worksite mentors. There were no statistically significant differences in knowledge of teaching among worksite mentors based on attendance at training. Informal training was offered to worksite mentors most often to acquaint them with work-based learning program procedures. Worksite mentors who did not attend training stated it was not offered while those who attended formal training rated it highly

Results of a novel screening tool measuring dietary sodium knowledge in patients with chronic kidney disease.

BackgroundReducing dietary sodium has potential to benefit patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Little research is available defining dietary sodium knowledge gaps in patients with pre-dialysis CKD. We designed a brief screening tool to rapidly identify patient knowledge gaps related to dietary sodium for patients with CKD not yet on dialysis.MethodsA Short Sodium Knowledge Survey (SSKS) was developed and administered to patients with pre-dialysis CKD. We also asked patients if they received counseling on dietary sodium reduction and about recommended intake limits. We performed logistic regression to examine the association between sodium knowledge and patient characteristics. Characteristics of patients who answered all SSKS questions correctly were compared to those who did not.ResultsOne-hundred fifty-five patients were surveyed. The mean (SD) age was 56.6 (15.1) years, 84 (54%) were men, and 119 (77%) were white. Sixty-seven patients (43.2%) correctly identified their daily intake sodium limit. Fifty-eight (37.4%) were unable to answer all survey questions correctly. In analysis adjusted for age, sex, race, education, health literacy, CKD stage, self-reported hypertension and attendance in a kidney education class, women and patients of non-white race had lower odds of correctly answering survey questions (0.36 [0.16,0.81]; p = 0.01 women versus men and 0.33 [0.14,0.76]; p = 0.01 non-white versus white, respectively).ConclusionsOur survey provides a mechanism to quickly identify dietary sodium knowledge gaps in patients with CKD. Women and patients of non-white race may have knowledge barriers impeding adherence to sodium reduction advice

Selection is a significant driver of gene gain and loss in the pangenome of the bacterial genus Sulfurovum in geographically distinct deep-sea hydrothermal vents

© The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Moulana, A., Anderson, R. E., Fortunato, C. S., & Huber, J. A. Selection is a significant driver of gene gain and loss in the pangenome of the bacterial genus Sulfurovum in geographically distinct deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Msystems, 5(2), (2020): e00673-19, doi:10.1128/mSystems.00673-19.Microbial genomes have highly variable gene content, and the evolutionary history of microbial populations is shaped by gene gain and loss mediated by horizontal gene transfer and selection. To evaluate the influence of selection on gene content variation in hydrothermal vent microbial populations, we examined 22 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) (70 to 97% complete) from the ubiquitous vent Epsilonbacteraeota genus Sulfurovum that were recovered from two deep-sea hydrothermal vent regions, Axial Seamount in the northeastern Pacific Ocean (13 MAGs) and the Mid-Cayman Rise in the Caribbean Sea (9 MAGs). Genes involved in housekeeping functions were highly conserved across Sulfurovum lineages. However, genes involved in environment-specific functions, and in particular phosphate regulation, were found mostly in Sulfurovum genomes from the Mid-Cayman Rise in the low-phosphate Atlantic Ocean environment, suggesting that nutrient limitation is an important selective pressure for these bacteria. Furthermore, genes that were rare within the pangenome were more likely to undergo positive selection than genes that were highly conserved in the pangenome, and they also appeared to have experienced gene-specific sweeps. Our results suggest that selection is a significant driver of gene gain and loss for dominant microbial lineages in hydrothermal vents and highlight the importance of factors like nutrient limitation in driving microbial adaptation and evolution.We thank Julie Reveillaud and Emily Reddington for support in the collection and generation of metagenomic data, Chip Breier, David Butterfield, Bill Chadwick, Chris German, Jim Holden, Jill McDermott, and Jeff Seewald for sample collection support at sea, and Jaclyn Saunders for discussions regarding arsenate reductase. A.M. was supported by Carleton College. R.A. was supported by a NASA Postdoctoral Fellowship with the NASA Astrobiology Institute. This work was supported by a NASA Exobiology grant 80NSSC18K1076 to R.A. and J.A.H., a NASA Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets (ASTEP) grant NNX-327 09AB75G and a grant from Deep Carbon Observatory’s Deep Life Initiative to J.A.H., the NSF Science and Technology Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations (C-DEBI) to J.A.H., and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation grant GBMF3297 to J.A.H. Samples were collected from the Mid-Cayman Rise with the assistance of the captains and crew of the R/V Atlantis and R/V Falkor as well as ROVs Jason and Nereus. For Mid-Cayman Rise, ship and vehicle time in 2012 were supported by the NSF-OCE great OCE-1061863 to Chris German and Jeff Seewald and in 2013 by the Schmidt Ocean Institute during cruise FK008-2013 aboard the R/V Falkor. Samples collected from Axial Seamount were collected with the assistance of the captains and crew of the R/V Falkor, R/V Thompson, and R/V Brown as well as the ROV ROPOS and Jason groups, and in 2013 the Schmidt Ocean Institute during cruise FK010-2013 aboard the R/V Falkor

Microbial populations are shaped by dispersal and recombination in a low biomass subseafloor habitat

© The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Anderson, R., Graham, E., Huber, J., & Tully, B. Microbial populations are shaped by dispersal and recombination in a low biomass subseafloor habitat. MBio, 13(4), (2022): e0035422, https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00354-22.The subseafloor is a vast habitat that supports microorganisms that have a global scale impact on geochemical cycles. Many of the endemic microbial communities inhabiting the subseafloor consist of small populations under growth-limited conditions. For small populations, stochastic evolutionary events can have large impacts on intraspecific population dynamics and allele frequencies. These conditions are fundamentally different from those experienced by most microorganisms in surface environments, and it is unknown how small population sizes and growth-limiting conditions influence evolution and population structure in the subsurface. Using a 2-year, high-resolution environmental time series, we examine the dynamics of microbial populations from cold, oxic crustal fluids collected from the subseafloor site North Pond, located near the mid-Atlantic ridge. Our results reveal rapid shifts in overall abundance, allele frequency, and strain abundance across the time points observed, with evidence for homologous recombination between coexisting lineages. We show that the subseafloor aquifer is a dynamic habitat that hosts microbial metapopulations that disperse frequently through the crustal fluids, enabling gene flow and recombination between microbial populations. The dynamism and stochasticity of microbial population dynamics in North Pond suggest that these forces are important drivers in the evolution of microbial populations in the vast subseafloor habitat.This work was supported by NSF OCE-1062006, OCE-1745589, and OCE-1635208 to J.A.H. The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation sponsored observatory components at North Pond through grant GBMF1609. The Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations (C-DEBI) (OCE-0939564) supported J.A.H. and B.J.T. This is C-DEBI contribution 598

Diverse viruses in deep-sea hydrothermal vent fluids have restricted dispersal across ocean basins

© The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Thomas, E., Anderson, R. E., Li, V., Rogan, L. J., & Huber, J. A. Diverse viruses in deep-sea hydrothermal vent fluids have restricted dispersal across ocean basins. Msystems, 6(3), (2021): e00068-21, https://doi.org/10.1128/mSystems.00068-21.In the ocean, viruses impact microbial mortality, regulate biogeochemical cycling, and alter the metabolic potential of microbial lineages. At deep-sea hydrothermal vents, abundant viruses infect a wide range of hosts among the archaea and bacteria that inhabit these dynamic habitats. However, little is known about viral diversity, host range, and biogeography across different vent ecosystems, which has important implications for how viruses manipulate microbial function and evolution. Here, we examined viral diversity, viral and host distribution, and virus-host interactions in microbial metagenomes generated from venting fluids from several vent sites within three different geochemically and geographically distinct hydrothermal systems: Piccard and Von Damm vent fields at the Mid-Cayman Rise in the Caribbean Sea, and at several vent sites within Axial Seamount in the Pacific Ocean. Analysis of viral sequences and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) spacers revealed highly diverse viral assemblages and evidence of active infection. Network analysis revealed that viral host range was relatively narrow, with very few viruses infecting multiple microbial lineages. Viruses were largely endemic to individual vent sites, indicating restricted dispersal, and in some cases, viral assemblages persisted over time. Thus, we show that hydrothermal vent fluids are home to novel, diverse viral assemblages that are highly localized to specific regions and taxa.Funding for E.T. was provided by Carleton College. R.E.A. was supported by a NASA Postdoctoral Fellowship with the NASA Astrobiology Institute. This work was supported by a NASA Exobiology grant 80NSSC18K1076 to R.E.A. and J.A.H., a NASA Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets (ASTEP) grant NNX-327 09AB75G, and a grant from Deep Carbon Observatory's Deep Life Initiative to J.A.H., the NSF Science and Technology Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations (C-DEBI) to J.A.H., and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation grant GBMF3297 to J.A.H. Samples were collected from the Mid-Cayman Rise with the assistance of the captains and crew of the R/V Atlantis and R/V Falkor as well as ROVs Jason and Nereus. For Mid-Cayman Rise, ship and vehicle time in 2012 were supported by the NSF-OCE grant OCE-1061863 to Chris German and Jeff Seewald and in 2013 by the Schmidt Ocean Institute during cruise FX008-2013 aboard the R/V Falkor. Samples collected from Axial Seamount were collected with the assistance of the captains and crew of the R/V Falkor, R/V Thompson, and R/V Brown as well as the ROV ROPOS and Jason groups, and in 2013 the Schmidt Ocean Institute during cruise FK010-2013 aboard the R/V Falkor